ASKשאלו
FLOWHIJACKED
עב

CHANGE AND CONTINUITY · EVIDENCE AND SOURCES

Read the evidence, including its limits.

The sources behind Becoming Without Reinventing Yourself. Begin with a chapter or explore the complete bibliography.

Back to the reading routeAll sources

What does this register let you check?

Each link leads to the original publication record. A chapter's source list includes the works it cites, but inclusion does not mean a source supports every claim in that chapter. The full lecture places citations beside the argument and includes contradictory findings, null results and alternative explanations.

The label ‘core source’ marks a publication's role in the argument. It is not a quality score and does not turn a theory into a finding. The publications include longitudinal studies, experiments, reviews, qualitative work and theoretical and methodological papers, which have different evidential roles.

Access limits: this is a critical integrative review with an evidence cutoff of 20 September 2026, not a preregistered systematic review. Publication records and primary abstracts were checked, but full text was not available for every source. Some numerical details were not independently extracted. Missing details should not be guessed, and Flow Hijacked synthesis should not be presented as a proven clinical mechanism.

Sources by chapter

1. Changing While Remaining Recognizably Yourself

Read the argument and qualifications in the complete chapter ↗

M001F034X001X002X004R163R085F021
2. Traits, States, Behavior, and Identity

Read the argument and qualifications in the complete chapter ↗

R026R027M002F034M001R002R003R073M016R197
3. Stability Does Not Mean Standing Still

Read the argument and qualifications in the complete chapter ↗

M001R002R026R027R014R015S022S003S004R004R005R009R007
4. The Same Person Across Different Situations

Read the argument and qualifications in the complete chapter ↗

R028R034S028R026R027R119M024
5. Practice, Learning, and New Capacities

Read the argument and qualifications in the complete chapter ↗

R006R009S017R085R086R087R097R098R093R156F010S050
6. The Stories Through Which We Understand Our Lives

Read the argument and qualifications in the complete chapter ↗

M002R039T005R041M017F007R046F026R178
7. What Is Worth Keeping, and What Can We Leave Behind?

Read the argument and qualifications in the complete chapter ↗

F034T003M026T001T002R064R065S040M003R068R074M021S045R188
8. Relationships, Body, and Environment as Conditions for Change

Read the argument and qualifications in the complete chapter ↗

R119R103R115R116R196R125R126R121T007R120R123
9. When an Old Response Returns

Read the argument and qualifications in the complete chapter ↗

R156R157S066R160S067S069M016M019R173R168F033X005
10. Dynamical Systems: What Does the Evidence Support?

Read the argument and qualifications in the complete chapter ↗

R038R193R026F024M007M014M006R135F004F005F015M015R146M020F003F020F021F001F002
11. Deep Change Without Replacing the Self

Read the argument and qualifications in the complete chapter ↗

M001R026F034R085M024F021R119R121R115
12. What We Know, What We Disagree About, and What Remains Open

Read the argument and qualifications in the complete chapter ↗

M001R026R085R121M002R007M017F007T001T002F010F034M019

The complete publication register

Article titles and bibliographic details retain their original publication language.

  1. S024

    (2021). Whole traits: Revealing the social-cognitive mechanisms constituting personality's central variable. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 69-128.

    doi.org/10.1016/bs.aesp.2020.11.002
  2. M017Core source

    Adler, J. M. (2012). Living into the story: Agency and coherence in a longitudinal study of narrative identity development and mental health over the course of psychotherapy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102(2), 367-389.

    doi.org/10.1037/a0025289
  3. R041Core source

    Adler, J. M.; Lodi-Smith, J.; Philippe, F. L.; Houle, I. (2016). The Incremental Validity of Narrative Identity in Predicting Well-Being. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 20(2), 142-175.

    doi.org/10.1177/1088868315585068
  4. S029

    Adler, J. M.; Turner, A. F.; Brookshier, K. M.; Monahan, C.; Walder-Biesanz, I.; Harmeling, L. H.; Albaugh, M.; McAdams, D. P.; Oltmanns, T. F. (2015). Variation in narrative identity is associated with trajectories of mental health over several years. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 108(3), 476-496.

    doi.org/10.1037/a0038601
  5. F001Core source

    Aggarwal, A.; Hughes, B. L. (2026). Wired for coherence: a network theory of self. Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

    doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2026.06.015
  6. R103Core source

    Andersen, S. M.; Chen, S. (2002). The relational self: An interpersonal social-cognitive theory. Psychological Review, 109(4), 619-645.

    doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.109.4.619
  7. S020

    Asadi, S.; Mohammadi Dehaj, H.; Robinson, O. (2020). Personality change goals and plans as predictors of longitudinal trait change in young adults: A replication with an Iranian sample. Journal of Research in Personality, 85, 103912.

    doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2020.103912
  8. R159

    Auber, A.; Tedesco, V.; Jones, C. E.; Monfils, M. H.; Chiamulera, C. (2013). Post-retrieval extinction as reconsolidation interference: methodological issues or boundary conditions?. Psychopharmacology, 226(4), 631-647.

    doi.org/10.1007/s00213-013-3004-1
  9. S028

    Back, M. D.; Baumert, A.; Denissen, J. J. A.; Hartung, F. M.; Penke, L.; Schmukle, S. C.; Schönbrodt, F. D.; Schröder–Abé, M.; Vollmann, M.; Wagner, J.; Wrzus, C. (2011). PERSOC: A Unified Framework for Understanding the Dynamic Interplay of Personality and Social Relationships. European Journal of Personality, 25(2), 90-107.

    doi.org/10.1002/per.811
  10. S017Core source

    Baranski, E.; Gray, J.; Morse, P.; Dunlop, W. (2020). From desire to development? A multi-sample, idiographic examination of volitional personality change. Journal of Research in Personality, 85, 103910.

    doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2019.103910
  11. S009

    Baranski, E.; Members of the International Situations Project; Gardiner, G.; Lee, D.; Funder, D. C. (2021). Who in the world is trying to change their personality traits? Volitional personality change among college students in six continents. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 121(5), 1140-1156.

    doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000389
  12. R107

    Baumeister, R. F.; Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497-529.

    doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497
  13. F024

    Beck, E. D.; Jackson, J. J. (2020). Consistency and change in idiographic personality: A longitudinal ESM network study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 118(5), 1080-1100.

    doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000249
  14. S007

    Beck, E. D.; Jackson, J. J. (2022). A mega-analysis of personality prediction: Robustness and boundary conditions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 122(3), 523-553.

    doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000386
  15. T003Core source

    Becker, M.; Vignoles, V. L.; Owe, E.; Easterbrook, M. J.; Brown, R.; Smith, P. B.; Abuhamdeh, S.; Cendales Ayala, B.; Garðarsdóttir, R. B.; Torres, A.; Camino, L.; Bond, M. H.; Nizharadze, G.; Amponsah, B.; Schweiger Gallo, I.; Prieto Gil, P.; Lorente Clemares, R.; Campara, G.; Espinosa, A.; Yuki, M.; Zhang, X.; Zhang, J.; Zinkeng, M.; Villamar, J. A.; Kusdil, E.; Çağlar, S.; Regalia, C.; Manzi, C.; Brambilla, M.; Bourguignon, D.; Möller, B.; Fülöp, M.; Macapagal, M. E. J.; Pyszczynski, T.; Chobthamkit, P.; Gausel, N.; Kesebir, P.; Herman, G.; Courtois, M.; Harb, C.; Jalal, B.; Tatarko, A.; Aldhafri, S.; Kreuzbauer, R.; Koller, S. H.; Mekonnen, K. H.; Fischer, R.; Milfont, T. L.; Des Rosiers, S. E.; Jaafar, J. L.; Martin, M.; Baguma, P.; Lv, S.; Schwartz, S. J.; Gavreliuc, A.; Fritsche, I.; González, R.; Didier, N.; Carrasco, D.; Lay, S. (2018). Being oneself through time: Bases of self-continuity across 55 cultures. Self and Identity, 17(3), 276-293.

    doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2017.1330222
  16. M016

    Best, D.; Beckwith, M.; Haslam, C.; Alexander Haslam, S.; Jetten, J.; Mawson, E.; Lubman, D. I. (2016). Overcoming alcohol and other drug addiction as a process of social identity transition: the social identity model of recovery (SIMOR). Addiction Research & Theory, 24(2), 111-123.

    doi.org/10.3109/16066359.2015.1075980
  17. S005

    Bleidorn, W.; Hill, P. L.; Back, M. D.; Denissen, J. J. A.; Hennecke, M.; Hopwood, C. J.; Jokela, M.; Kandler, C.; Lucas, R. E.; Luhmann, M.; Orth, U.; Wagner, J.; Wrzus, C.; Zimmermann, J.; Roberts, B. (2019). The policy relevance of personality traits. American Psychologist, 74(9), 1056-1067.

    doi.org/10.1037/amp0000503
  18. S002

    Bleidorn, W.; Hopwood, C. J.; Back, M. D.; Denissen, J. J. A.; Hennecke, M.; Hill, P. L.; Jokela, M.; Kandler, C.; Lucas, R. E.; Luhmann, M.; Orth, U.; Roberts, B. W.; Wagner, J.; Wrzus, C.; Zimmermann, J. (2021). Personality Trait Stability and Change. Personality Science, 2(1), e6009.

    doi.org/10.5964/ps.6009
  19. R012

    Bleidorn, W.; Hopwood, C. J.; Lucas, R. E. (2018). Life Events and Personality Trait Change. Journal of Personality, 86(1), 83-96.

    doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12286
  20. S022

    Bleidorn, W.; Kandler, C.; Caspi, A. (2014). The Behavioural Genetics of Personality Development in Adulthood—Classic, Contemporary, and Future Trends. European Journal of Personality, 28(3), 244-255.

    doi.org/10.1002/per.1957
  21. S021

    Bleidorn, W.; Klimstra, T. A.; Denissen, J. J. A.; Rentfrow, P. J.; Potter, J.; Gosling, S. D. (2013). Personality Maturation Around the World. Psychological Science, 24(12), 2530-2540.

    doi.org/10.1177/0956797613498396
  22. M001Core source

    Bleidorn, W.; Schwaba, T.; Zheng, A.; Hopwood, C. J.; Sosa, S. S.; Roberts, B. W.; Briley, D. A. (2022). Personality stability and change: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Psychological Bulletin.

    doi.org/10.1037/bul0000365
  23. T002Core source

    Blondé, J.; Falomir‐Pichastor, J. M. (2026). Self‐Discontinuity as a Barrier to Identity and Behaviour Change: Evidence From Smoking Cessation. European Journal of Social Psychology, 56(2), 316-330.

    doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.70044
  24. R018

    Blonigen, D. M.; Carlson, M. D.; Hicks, B. M.; Krueger, R. F.; Iacono, W. G. (2008). Stability and Change in Personality Traits From Late Adolescence to Early Adulthood: A Longitudinal Twin Study. Journal of Personality, 76(2), 229-266.

    doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2007.00485.x
  25. S070

    Bonanno, G. A. (2004). Loss, Trauma, and Human Resilience: Have We Underestimated the Human Capacity to Thrive After Extremely Aversive Events?. American Psychologist, 59(1), 20-28.

    doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.59.1.20
  26. R134Core source

    Borsboom, D. (2017). A network theory of mental disorders. World Psychiatry, 16(1), 5-13.

    doi.org/10.1002/wps.20375
  27. R143

    Borsboom, D.; Cramer, A. O. J. (2013). Network Analysis: An Integrative Approach to the Structure of Psychopathology. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 9(1), 91-121.

    doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185608
  28. S064

    Borsboom, D.; Cramer, A. O. J.; Schmittmann, V. D.; Epskamp, S.; Waldorp, L. J. (2011). The Small World of Psychopathology. PLoS ONE, 6(11), e27407.

    doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0027407
  29. F016

    Bos, E. H.; De Jonge, P. (2014). “Critical slowing down in depression” is a great idea that still needs empirical proof. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(10).

    doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1323672111
  30. R156Core source

    Bouton, M. E. (2004). Context and Behavioral Processes in Extinction. Learning & Memory, 11(5), 485-494.

    doi.org/10.1101/lm.78804
  31. R083

    Branje, S.; de Moor, E. L.; Spitzer, J.; Becht, A. I. (2021). Dynamics of Identity Development in Adolescence: A Decade in Review. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 31(4), 908-927.

    doi.org/10.1111/jora.12678
  32. R014Core source

    Briley, D. A.; Tucker-Drob, E. M. (2014). Genetic and environmental continuity in personality development: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 140(5), 1303-1331.

    doi.org/10.1037/a0037091
  33. R146Core source

    Bringmann, L. F.; Elmer, T.; Epskamp, S.; Krause, R. W.; Schoch, D.; Wichers, M.; Wigman, J. T. W.; Snippe, E. (2019). What do centrality measures measure in psychological networks?. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 128(8), 892-903.

    doi.org/10.1037/abn0000446
  34. R147

    Bringmann, L. F.; Lemmens, L. H. J. M.; Huibers, M. J. H.; Borsboom, D.; Tuerlinckx, F. (2015). Revealing the dynamic network structure of the Beck Depression Inventory-II. Psychological Medicine, 45(4), 747-757.

    doi.org/10.1017/s0033291714001809
  35. S044

    Brown, J. M.; Stein, J. S. (2022). Putting prospection into practice: Methodological considerations in the use of episodic future thinking to reduce delay discounting and maladaptive health behaviors. Frontiers in Public Health, 10, 1020171.

    doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.1020171
  36. S003Core source

    Bühler, J. L.; Orth, U.; Bleidorn, W.; Weber, E.; Kretzschmar, A.; Scheling, L.; Hopwood, C. J. (2024). Life Events and Personality Change: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. European Journal of Personality, 38(3), 544-568.

    doi.org/10.1177/08902070231190219
  37. R183

    Bury, M. (1982). Chronic illness as biographical disruption. Sociology of Health & Illness, 4(2), 167-182.

    doi.org/10.1111/1467-9566.ep11339939
  38. R073Core source

    Campbell, J. D.; Trapnell, P. D.; Heine, S. J.; Katz, I. M.; Lavallee, L. F.; Lehman, D. R. (1996). Self-concept clarity: Measurement, personality correlates, and cultural boundaries. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(1), 141-156.

    doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.70.1.141
  39. S067Core source

    Chalkia, A.; Schroyens, N.; Leng, L.; Vanhasbroeck, N.; Zenses, A. K.; Van Oudenhove, L.; Beckers, T. (2020). No persistent attenuation of fear memories in humans: A registered replication of the reactivation-extinction effect. Cortex, 129, 496-509.

    doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2020.04.017
  40. T009

    Chandler, M. J.; Lalonde, C. (1998). Cultural Continuity as a Hedge against Suicide in Canada's First Nations. Transcultural Psychiatry, 35(2), 191-219.

    doi.org/10.1177/136346159803500202
  41. R174

    Chen, G. (2024). Identity Construction in Recovery from Substance Use Disorders. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 56(1), 109-116.

    doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2022.2159592
  42. T007

    Chetty, R.; Hendren, N.; Katz, L. F. (2016). The Effects of Exposure to Better Neighborhoods on Children: New Evidence from the Moving to Opportunity Experiment. American Economic Review, 106(4), 855-902.

    doi.org/10.1257/aer.20150572
  43. R021Core source

    Chopik, W. J.; Kitayama, S. (2018). Personality change across the life span: Insights from a cross‐cultural, longitudinal study. Journal of Personality, 86(3), 508-521.

    doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12332
  44. R152

    Clark, A. (2013). Whatever next? Predictive brains, situated agents, and the future of cognitive science. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 36(3), 181-204.

    doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x12000477
  45. R112

    Coan, J. A.; Sbarra, D. A. (2015). Social Baseline Theory: the social regulation of risk and effort. Current Opinion in Psychology, 1, 87-91.

    doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2014.12.021
  46. M008

    Coan, J. A.; Schaefer, H. S.; Davidson, R. J. (2006). Lending a Hand. Psychological Science, 17(12), 1032-1039.

    doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01832.x
  47. R163

    Conway, M. A.; Pleydell-Pearce, C. W. (2000). The construction of autobiographical memories in the self-memory system. Psychological Review, 107(2), 261-288.

    doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.107.2.261
  48. S010

    Costa, P. T.; Herbst, J. H.; McCrae, R. R.; Siegler, I. C. (2000). Personality at Midlife: Stability, Intrinsic Maturation, and Response to Life Events. Assessment, 7(4), 365-378.

    doi.org/10.1177/107319110000700405
  49. M005Core source

    Cramer, A. O. J.; Van Der Sluis, S.; Noordhof, A.; Wichers, M.; Geschwind, N.; Aggen, S. H.; Kendler, K. S.; Borsboom, D. (2012). Dimensions of Normal Personality as Networks in Search of Equilibrium: You Can't like Parties if you Don't like People. European Journal of Personality, 26(4), 414-431.

    doi.org/10.1002/per.1866
  50. R157Core source

    Craske, M. G.; Treanor, M.; Conway, C. C.; Zbozinek, T.; Vervliet, B. (2014). Maximizing exposure therapy: An inhibitory learning approach. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 58, 10-23.

    doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2014.04.006
  51. S055

    Cruwys, T.; Steffens, N. K.; Haslam, S. A.; Haslam, C.; Jetten, J.; Dingle, G. A. (2016). Social Identity Mapping: A procedure for visual representation and assessment of subjective multiple group memberships. British Journal of Social Psychology, 55(4), 613-642.

    doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12155
  52. M026

    Dai, H.; Milkman, K. L.; Riis, J. (2014). The Fresh Start Effect: Temporal Landmarks Motivate Aspirational Behavior. Management Science, 60(10), 2563-2582.

    doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2014.1901
  53. R123

    de Bruijn, E. J.; Antonides, G. (2022). Poverty and economic decision making: a review of scarcity theory. Theory and Decision, 92(1), 5-37.

    doi.org/10.1007/s11238-021-09802-7
  54. R070

    de Hoog, N.; Pat-El, R. (2024). Social identity and health-related behavior: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Social Science & Medicine, 344, 116629.

    doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.116629
  55. F015

    Dejonckheere, E.; Mestdagh, M.; Houben, M.; Rutten, I.; Sels, L.; Kuppens, P.; Tuerlinckx, F. (2019). Complex affect dynamics add limited information to the prediction of psychological well-being. Nature Human Behaviour, 3(5), 478-491.

    doi.org/10.1038/s41562-019-0555-0
  56. R131

    Derryberry, D.; Reed, M. A. (1994). Temperament and the self-organization of personality. Development and Psychopathology, 6(4), 653-676.

    doi.org/10.1017/s0954579400004727
  57. S048

    Diehl, M.; Hay, E. L. (2011). Self-Concept Differentiation and Self-Concept Clarity across Adulthood: Associations with Age and Psychological Well-Being. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 73(2), 125-152.

    doi.org/10.2190/ag.73.2.b
  58. R168

    Dingle, G. A.; Cruwys, T.; Frings, D. (2015). Social Identities as Pathways into and out of Addiction. Frontiers in Psychology, 6.

    doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01795
  59. M019Core source

    Donaldson, S. R.; Radley, A.; Dillon, J. F. (2023). Transformation of identity in substance use as a pathway to recovery and the potential of treatment for hepatitis C: a systematic review. Addiction, 118(3), 425-437.

    doi.org/10.1111/add.16031
  60. S053

    Drigotas, S. M.; Rusbult, C. E.; Wieselquist, J.; Whitton, S. W. (1999). Close partner as sculptor of the ideal self: Behavioral affirmation and the Michelangelo phenomenon. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(2), 293-323.

    doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.77.2.293
  61. R184

    Ehlers, A.; Clark, D. M. (2000). A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38(4), 319-345.

    doi.org/10.1016/s0005-7967(99)00123-0
  62. F023

    Elder, J. J.; Davis, T. H.; Hughes, B. L. (2023). A Fluid Self-Concept: How the Brain Maintains Coherence and Positivity across an Interconnected Self-Concept While Incorporating Social Feedback. The Journal of Neuroscience, 43(22), 4110-4128.

    doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.1951-22.2023
  63. F003Core source

    Elder, J.; Cheung, B.; Davis, T.; Hughes, B. (2023). Mapping the self: A network approach for understanding psychological and neural representations of self-concept structure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 124(2), 237-263.

    doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000315
  64. M020Core source

    Elder, J.; Davis, T.; Hughes, B. L. (2022). Learning About the Self: Motives for Coherence and Positivity Constrain Learning From Self-Relevant Social Feedback. Psychological Science, 33(4), 629-647.

    doi.org/10.1177/09567976211045934
  65. S066Core source

    Elsey, J. W. B.; Van Ast, V. A.; Kindt, M. (2018). Human memory reconsolidation: A guiding framework and critical review of the evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 144(8), 797-848.

    doi.org/10.1037/bul0000152
  66. M015

    Epskamp, S.; Borsboom, D.; Fried, E. I. (2018). Estimating psychological networks and their accuracy: A tutorial paper. Behavior Research Methods, 50(1), 195-212.

    doi.org/10.3758/s13428-017-0862-1
  67. R182

    FIELD, N. P.; GAO, B.; PADERNA, L. (2005). CONTINUING BONDS IN BEREAVEMENT: AN ATTACHMENT THEORY BASED PERSPECTIVE. Death Studies, 29(4), 277-299.

    doi.org/10.1080/07481180590923689
  68. R026Core source

    Fleeson, W. (2001). Toward a structure- and process-integrated view of personality: Traits as density distributions of states. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80(6), 1011-1027.

    doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.80.6.1011
  69. R027Core source

    Fleeson, W.; Jayawickreme, E. (2015). Whole Trait Theory. Journal of Research in Personality, 56, 82-92.

    doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2014.10.009
  70. R029

    Fleeson, W.; Noftle, E. E. (2009). In favor of the synthetic resolution to the person–situation debate. Journal of Research in Personality, 43(2), 150-154.

    doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2009.02.008
  71. R144

    Forbes, M. K.; Wright, A. G. C.; Markon, K. E.; Krueger, R. F. (2019). The network approach to psychopathology: promise versus reality. World Psychiatry, 18(3), 272-273.

    doi.org/10.1002/wps.20659
  72. R178Core source

    Frazier, P.; Tennen, H.; Gavian, M.; Park, C.; Tomich, P.; Tashiro, T. (2009). Does Self-Reported Posttraumatic Growth Reflect Genuine Positive Change?. Psychological Science, 20(7), 912-919.

    doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02381.x
  73. R153

    Friston, K. (2010). The free-energy principle: a unified brain theory?. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 11(2), 127-138.

    doi.org/10.1038/nrn2787
  74. F020Core source

    García-Arch, J.; Korn, C. W.; Fuentemilla, L. (2025). Self-utility distance as a computational approach to understanding self-concept clarity. Communications Psychology, 3(1), 50.

    doi.org/10.1038/s44271-025-00231-8
  75. F021

    Garcia-Arch, J.; Sabio-Albert, M.; Korn, C. W.; Fuentemilla, L. (2025). How the self-concept structures social role learning: insights from computational models. Royal Society Open Science, 12(9), 250590.

    doi.org/10.1098/rsos.250590
  76. R097

    Gollwitzer, P. M. (1999). Implementation intentions: Strong effects of simple plans. American Psychologist, 54(7), 493-503.

    doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.54.7.493
  77. R098

    Gollwitzer, P. M.; Sheeran, P. (2006). Implementation Intentions and Goal Achievement: A Meta‐analysis of Effects and Processes. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology; Advances in Experimental Social Psychology Volume 38, 69-119.

    doi.org/10.1016/s0065-2601(06)38002-1
  78. S040Core source

    Grekin, E. R.; Thomas, H. A.; Souweidane, M. A.; Stidham, J. L. (2025). The Effects of Future Self-Continuity Interventions on Behavioral Outcomes in Adults: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Personality Science, 6, 27000710251391610.

    doi.org/10.1177/27000710251391610
  79. R136

    Groen, R. N.; Snippe, E.; Bringmann, L. F.; Simons, C. J. P.; Hartmann, J. A.; Bos, E. H.; Wichers, M. (2019). Capturing the risk of persisting depressive symptoms: A dynamic network investigation of patients' daily symptom experiences. Psychiatry Research, 271, 640-648.

    doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.054
  80. X006

    Gurven, M.; von Rueden, C.; Massenkoff, M.; Kaplan, H.; Lero Vie, M. (2013). How universal is the Big Five? Testing the five-factor model of personality variation among forager–farmers in the Bolivian Amazon. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 104(2), 354-370.

    doi.org/10.1037/a0030841
  81. S032

    Habermas, T.; Bluck, S. (2000). Getting a life: The emergence of the life story in adolescence. Psychological Bulletin, 126(5), 748-769.

    doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.126.5.748
  82. S004Core source

    Haehner, P.; Krämer, M. D.; Wright, A. J.; Bleidorn, W. (2026). Life events and personality trait change: A coordinated data analysis. European Journal of Personality, 40(2), 391-412.

    doi.org/10.1177/08902070251356148
  83. R006Core source

    Haehner, P.; Wright, A. J.; Bleidorn, W. (2024). A systematic review of volitional personality change research. Communications Psychology, 2(1), 115.

    doi.org/10.1038/s44271-024-00167-5
  84. M014

    Haken, H.; Kelso, J. A. S.; Bunz, H. (1985). A theoretical model of phase transitions in human hand movements. Biological Cybernetics, 51(5), 347-356.

    doi.org/10.1007/bf00336922
  85. S043

    Hallford, D. J.; Austin, D. W.; Takano, K.; Raes, F. (2018). Psychopathology and episodic future thinking: A systematic review and meta-analysis of specificity and episodic detail. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 102, 42-51.

    doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2018.01.003
  86. R196

    Hamaker, E. L.; Kuiper, R. M.; Grasman, R. P. P. P. (2015). A critique of the cross-lagged panel model. Psychological Methods, 20(1), 102-116.

    doi.org/10.1037/a0038889
  87. M007Core source

    Hancock, F.; Rosas, F. E.; Luppi, A. I.; Zhang, M.; Mediano, P. A. M.; Cabral, J.; Deco, G.; Kringelbach, M. L.; Breakspear, M.; Kelso, J. A. S.; Turkheimer, F. E. (2025). Metastability demystified — the foundational past, the pragmatic present and the promising future. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 26(2), 82-100.

    doi.org/10.1038/s41583-024-00883-1
  88. R016

    Harris, M. A.; Brett, C. E.; Johnson, W.; Deary, I. J. (2016). Personality stability from age 14 to age 77 years. Psychology and Aging, 31(8), 862-874.

    doi.org/10.1037/pag0000133
  89. R116Core source

    Harris, M. A.; Orth, U. (2020). The link between self-esteem and social relationships: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 119(6), 1459-1477.

    doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000265
  90. R115Core source

    Haslam, C.; Cruwys, T.; Chang, M. X. L.; Bentley, S. V.; Haslam, S. A.; Dingle, G. A.; Jetten, J. (2019). GROUPS 4 HEALTH reduces loneliness and social anxiety in adults with psychological distress: Findings from a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 87(9), 787-801.

    doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000427
  91. R114

    Haslam, C.; Cruwys, T.; Haslam, S. A.; Dingle, G.; Chang, M. X. L. (2016). Groups 4 Health: Evidence that a social-identity intervention that builds and strengthens social group membership improves mental health. Journal of Affective Disorders, 194, 188-195.

    doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.01.010
  92. R105

    Haslam, S. A.; Jetten, J.; Postmes, T.; Haslam, C. (2009). Social Identity, Health and Well‐Being: An Emerging Agenda for Applied Psychology. Applied Psychology, 58(1), 1-23.

    doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2008.00379.x
  93. F004Core source

    Helmich, M. A.; Schreuder, M. J.; Bringmann, L. F.; Riese, H.; Snippe, E.; Smit, A. C. (2024). Slow down and be critical before using early warning signals in psychopathology. Nature Reviews Psychology, 3(11), 767-780.

    doi.org/10.1038/s44159-024-00369-y
  94. S019

    Hennecke, M.; Bleidorn, W.; Denissen, J. J. A.; Wood, D. (2014). A Three–Part Framework for Self–Regulated Personality Development across Adulthood. European Journal of Personality, 28(3), 289-299.

    doi.org/10.1002/per.1945
  95. R173

    Hennessy, E. A. (2017). Recovery capital: a systematic review of the literature. Addiction Research & Theory, 25(5), 349-360.

    doi.org/10.1080/16066359.2017.1297990
  96. R186

    Henrich, J.; Heine, S. J.; Norenzayan, A. (2010). The weirdest people in the world?. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 33(2-3), 61-83.

    doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x0999152x
  97. R064Core source

    Hershfield, H. E. (2011). Future self‐continuity: how conceptions of the future self transform intertemporal choice. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1235(1), 30-43.

    doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06201.x
  98. R065

    Hershfield, H. E.; Goldstein, D. G.; Sharpe, W. F.; Fox, J.; Yeykelis, L.; Carstensen, L. L.; Bailenson, J. N. (2011). Increasing Saving Behavior Through Age-Progressed Renderings of the Future Self. Journal of Marketing Research, 48(SPL), S23-S37.

    doi.org/10.1509/jmkr.48.spl.s23
  99. F002Core source

    Hirsh, J. B. (2026). The Game of Self: Identity and Experience as Active Inference. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10888683261422344.

    doi.org/10.1177/10888683261422344
  100. S008

    Hoff, K. A.; Einarsdóttir, S.; Chu, C.; Briley, D. A.; Rounds, J. (2021). Personality Changes Predict Early Career Outcomes: Discovery and Replication in 12-Year Longitudinal Studies. Psychological Science, 32(1), 64-79.

    doi.org/10.1177/0956797620957998
  101. S037

    Hong, E. K.; Sedikides, C.; Wildschut, T. (2022). How Does Nostalgia Conduce to Global Self-Continuity? The Roles of Identity Narrative, Associative Links, and Stability. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 48(5), 735-749.

    doi.org/10.1177/01461672211024889
  102. R009Core source

    Hudson, N. W.; Briley, D. A.; Chopik, W. J.; Derringer, J. (2019). You have to follow through: Attaining behavioral change goals predicts volitional personality change. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 117(4), 839-857.

    doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000221
  103. R022

    Hudson, N. W.; Derringer, J.; Briley, D. A. (2019). Do people know how they’ve changed? A longitudinal investigation of volitional personality change and participants’ retrospective perceptions thereof. Journal of Research in Personality, 83, 103879.

    doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2019.103879
  104. R008

    Hudson, N. W.; Fraley, R. C. (2015). Volitional personality trait change: Can people choose to change their personality traits?. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 109(3), 490-507.

    doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000021
  105. S011

    Hudson, N. W.; Fraley, R. C. (2016). Changing for the Better? Longitudinal Associations Between Volitional Personality Change and Psychological Well-Being. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 42(5), 603-615.

    doi.org/10.1177/0146167216637840
  106. S016

    Hudson, N. W.; Fraley, R. C.; Chopik, W. J.; Briley, D. A. (2020). Change Goals Robustly Predict Trait Growth: A Mega-Analysis of a Dozen Intensive Longitudinal Studies Examining Volitional Change. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 11(6), 723-732.

    doi.org/10.1177/1948550619878423
  107. F025

    Hughes, E. A.; Ellis, S.; Smith, J. R. (2024). Connecting groups and behaviours: A network analysis of identity‐infused behaviours. British Journal of Social Psychology, 63(1), 205-233.

    doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12674
  108. S013

    Human, L. J.; Biesanz, J. C.; Miller, G. E.; Chen, E.; Lachman, M. E.; Seeman, T. E. (2013). Is Change Bad? Personality Change Is Associated with Poorer Psychological Health and Greater Metabolic Syndrome in Midlife. Journal of Personality, 81(3), 249-260.

    doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12002
  109. F028

    Ibarra, H. (1999). Provisional Selves: Experimenting with Image and Identity in Professional Adaptation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44(4), 764-791.

    doi.org/10.2307/2667055
  110. T010

    Ikeda, H.; Ni, N.; Yamamoto, N.; Kusumi, T. (2025). The influence of self-discontinuity on nostalgia: A conceptual replication of Sedikides, Wildschut, Routledge, & Arndt (2015) なつかしさに自己不連続性が与える影響—Sedikides, Wildschut, Routledge, & Arndt （2015）の概念的追試—. The Japanese Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 22(2), 125-144.

    doi.org/10.5265/jcogpsy.22.125
  111. F027

    Jackson, J. J.; Wright, A. J. (2024). The process and mechanisms of personality change. Nature Reviews Psychology, 3(5), 305-318.

    doi.org/10.1038/s44159-024-00295-z
  112. S025

    Jayawickreme, E.; Zachry, C. E.; Fleeson, W. (2019). Whole Trait Theory: An integrative approach to examining personality structure and process. Personality and Individual Differences, 136, 2-11.

    doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.06.045
  113. R095

    Keller, J.; Kwasnicka, D.; Klaiber, P.; Sichert, L.; Lally, P.; Fleig, L. (2021). Habit formation following routine‐based versus time‐based cue planning: A randomized controlled trial. British Journal of Health Psychology, 26(3), 807-824.

    doi.org/10.1111/bjhp.12504
  114. X005

    Kelly, J. F.; Humphreys, K.; Ferri, M. (2020). Alcoholics Anonymous and other 12-step programs for alcohol use disorder. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2020(3), CD012880.

    doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd012880.pub2
  115. M006

    Kelso, J. A. S. (2012). Multistability and metastability: understanding dynamic coordination in the brain. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 367(1591), 906-918.

    doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0351
  116. T001Core source

    Kim, H. S. A.; Wohl, M. J. A. (2015). The Bright Side of Self-Discontinuity. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 6(2), 229-237.

    doi.org/10.1177/1948550614549482
  117. R007Core source

    Krämer, M. D.; Hopwood, C. J.; Miller, T. J.; Bleidorn, W. (2025). What explains personality change intervention effects?. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 129(5), 972-1005.

    doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000565
  118. S068

    Kredlow, M. A.; Unger, L. D.; Otto, M. W. (2016). Harnessing reconsolidation to weaken fear and appetitive memories: A meta-analysis of post-retrieval extinction effects. Psychological Bulletin, 142(3), 314-336.

    doi.org/10.1037/bul0000034
  119. R050

    Kross, E.; Ayduk, O. (2011). Making Meaning out of Negative Experiences by Self-Distancing. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20(3), 187-191.

    doi.org/10.1177/0963721411408883
  120. R094

    Lally, P.; Gardner, B. (2013). Promoting habit formation. Health Psychology Review, 7(sup1), S137-S158.

    doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2011.603640
  121. R087Core source

    Lally, P.; van Jaarsveld, C. H. M.; Potts, H. W. W.; Wardle, J. (2010). How are habits formed: Modelling habit formation in the real world. European Journal of Social Psychology, 40(6), 998-1009.

    doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.674
  122. F012Core source

    Lancaster, J. H.; Apsley, H. B.; Brick, T. R.; Cleveland, H. H. (2025). A within-person investigation of recovery identity following substance use disorder: examining the impact of recovery-focused social contexts. Frontiers in Public Health, 13, 1534432.

    doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1534432
  123. R171Core source

    Leamy, M.; Bird, V.; Boutillier, C. L.; Williams, J.; Slade, M. (2011). Conceptual framework for personal recovery in mental health: systematic review and narrative synthesis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 199(6), 445-452.

    doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.110.083733
  124. R121Core source

    Leventhal, T.; Brooks-Gunn, J. (2003). Moving to Opportunity: an Experimental Study of Neighborhood Effects on Mental Health. American Journal of Public Health, 93(9), 1576-1582.

    doi.org/10.2105/ajph.93.9.1576
  125. F006Core source

    Lind, M.; Ture, S.; McAdams, D. P.; Cowan, H. R. (2024). Narrative Identity, Traits, and Trajectories of Depression and Well-Being: A 9-Year Longitudinal Study. Psychological Science, 35(12), 1325-1339.

    doi.org/10.1177/09567976241296512
  126. R074Core source

    Linville, P. W. (1987). Self-complexity as a cognitive buffer against stress-related illness and depression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(4), 663-676.

    doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.52.4.663
  127. S046

    Linville, P. W. (1985). Self-Complexity and Affective Extremity: Don't Put All of Your Eggs in One Cognitive Basket. Social Cognition, 3(1), 94-120.

    doi.org/10.1521/soco.1985.3.1.94
  128. S018

    Lücke, A. J.; Quintus, M.; Egloff, B.; Wrzus, C. (2021). You can’t always get what you want: The role of change goal importance, goal feasibility and momentary experiences for volitional personality development. European Journal of Personality, 35(5), 690-709.

    doi.org/10.1177/0890207020962332
  129. R120

    Mani, A.; Mullainathan, S.; Shafir, E.; Zhao, J. (2013). Poverty Impedes Cognitive Function. Science, 341(6149), 976-980.

    doi.org/10.1126/science.1238041
  130. T004

    Markus, H. R.; Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98(2), 224-253.

    doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.98.2.224
  131. M003Core source

    Markus, H.; Nurius, P. (1986). Possible selves. American Psychologist, 41(9), 954-969.

    doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.41.9.954
  132. F019

    Markus, H.; Wurf, E. (1987). The Dynamic Self-Concept: A Social Psychological Perspective. Annual Review of Psychology, 38(1), 299-337.

    doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ps.38.020187.001503
  133. R039

    McAdams, D. P. (2001). The Psychology of Life Stories. Review of General Psychology, 5(2), 100-122.

    doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.5.2.100
  134. S038

    McAdams, D. P.; Bauer, J. J.; Sakaeda, A. R.; Anyidoho, N. A.; Machado, M. A.; Magrino‐Failla, K.; White, K. W.; Pals, J. L. (2006). Continuity and Change in the Life Story: A Longitudinal Study of Autobiographical Memories in Emerging Adulthood. Journal of Personality, 74(5), 1371-1400.

    doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2006.00412.x
  135. M002Core source

    McAdams, D. P.; McLean, K. C. (2013). Narrative Identity. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22(3), 233-238.

    doi.org/10.1177/0963721413475622
  136. R078Core source

    McConnell, A. R. (2011). The Multiple Self-Aspects Framework: Self-Concept Representation and Its Implications. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 15(1), 3-27.

    doi.org/10.1177/1088868310371101
  137. R045

    McLean, K. C.; Pasupathi, M.; Pals, J. L. (2007). Selves Creating Stories Creating Selves: A Process Model of Self-Development. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 11(3), 262-278.

    doi.org/10.1177/1088868307301034
  138. F026

    McLean, K. C.; Syed, M. (2015). Personal, Master, and Alternative Narratives: An Integrative Framework for Understanding Identity Development in Context. Human Development, 58(6), 318-349.

    doi.org/10.1159/000445817
  139. T005Core source

    McLean, K. C.; Syed, M.; Pasupathi, M.; Adler, J. M.; Dunlop, W. L.; Drustrup, D.; Fivush, R.; Graci, M. E.; Lilgendahl, J. P.; Lodi-Smith, J.; McAdams, D. P.; McCoy, T. P. (2020). The empirical structure of narrative identity: The initial Big Three. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 119(4), 920-944.

    doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000247
  140. R119

    Michie, S.; van Stralen, M. M.; West, R. (2011). The behaviour change wheel: A new method for characterising and designing behaviour change interventions. Implementation Science, 6(1), 42.

    doi.org/10.1186/1748-5908-6-42
  141. R110

    Mikulincer, M.; Shaver, P. R. (2005). Attachment theory and emotions in close relationships: Exploring the attachment-related dynamics of emotional reactions to relational events. Personal Relationships, 12(2), 149-168.

    doi.org/10.1111/j.1350-4126.2005.00108.x
  142. R028Core source

    Mischel, W.; Shoda, Y. (1995). A cognitive-affective system theory of personality: Reconceptualizing situations, dispositions, dynamics, and invariance in personality structure. Psychological Review, 102(2), 246-268.

    doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.102.2.246
  143. R193Core source

    Molenaar, P. C. M. (2004). A Manifesto on Psychology as Idiographic Science: Bringing the Person Back Into Scientific Psychology, This Time Forever. Measurement: Interdisciplinary Research & Perspective, 2(4), 201-218.

    doi.org/10.1207/s15366359mea0204_1
  144. R161

    Nader, K. (2015). Reconsolidation and the Dynamic Nature of Memory. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, 7(10), a021782.

    doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a021782
  145. R129

    Nisbett, R. E.; Peng, K.; Choi, I.; Norenzayan, A. (2001). Culture and systems of thought: Holistic versus analytic cognition. Psychological Review, 108(2), 291-310.

    doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.108.2.291
  146. S015

    Noftle, E. E.; Odagiri, N.; Johnson, M.; Arzaga, A. (2024). Actual and volitional personality change across study abroad. Journal of Personality, 92(1), 111-129.

    doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12784
  147. M004Core source

    Nowak, A.; Vallacher, R. R.; Tesser, A.; Borkowski, W. (2000). Society of self: The emergence of collective properties in self-structure. Psychological Review, 107(1), 39-61.

    doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.107.1.39
  148. S042

    Olsen, R. A.; Macaskill, A. C.; Hunt, M. J. (2024). Episodic Future Thinking Only Reduces Delay Discounting When Future Events Involve the Self. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 37(3), e2397.

    doi.org/10.1002/bdm.2397
  149. M009

    Ouellette, J. A.; Wood, W. (1998). Habit and intention in everyday life: The multiple processes by which past behavior predicts future behavior. Psychological Bulletin, 124(1), 54-74.

    doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.124.1.54
  150. R090

    Oyserman, D. (2009). Identity‐based motivation: Implications for action‐readiness, procedural‐readiness, and consumer behavior. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 19(3), 250-260.

    doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2009.05.008
  151. R068

    Oyserman, D.; Bybee, D.; Terry, K. (2006). Possible selves and academic outcomes: How and when possible selves impel action. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91(1), 188-204.

    doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.91.1.188
  152. S050Core source

    Oyserman, D.; Destin, M. (2010). Identity-Based Motivation: Implications for Intervention. The Counseling Psychologist, 38(7), 1001-1043.

    doi.org/10.1177/0011000010374775
  153. R099

    Oyserman, D.; Fryberg, S. A.; Yoder, N. (2007). Identity-based motivation and health. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93(6), 1011-1027.

    doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.93.6.1011
  154. R125Core source

    Palmer, C. A.; Bower, J. L.; Cho, K. W.; Clementi, M. A.; Lau, S.; Oosterhoff, B.; Alfano, C. A. (2024). Sleep loss and emotion: A systematic review and meta-analysis of over 50 years of experimental research. Psychological Bulletin, 150(4), 440-463.

    doi.org/10.1037/bul0000410
  155. R054

    Pals, J. L. (2006). Narrative Identity Processing of Difficult Life Experiences: Pathways of Personality Development and Positive Self‐Transformation in Adulthood. Journal of Personality, 74(4), 1079-1110.

    doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2006.00403.x
  156. R180

    Park, C. L. (2010). Making sense of the meaning literature: An integrative review of meaning making and its effects on adjustment to stressful life events. Psychological Bulletin, 136(2), 257-301.

    doi.org/10.1037/a0018301
  157. R046Core source

    Pasupathi, M. (2001). The social construction of the personal past and its implications for adult development. Psychological Bulletin, 127(5), 651-672.

    doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.127.5.651
  158. S049

    Pfeifer, J. H.; Berkman, E. T. (2018). The Development of Self and Identity in Adolescence: Neural Evidence and Implications for a Value-Based Choice Perspective on Motivated Behavior. Child Development Perspectives, 12(3), 158-164.

    doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12279
  159. S045

    Pilarska, A.; Suchańska, A. (2015). Self-Complexity and Self-Concept Differentiation – What Have We Been Measuring for the Past 30 Years?. Current Psychology, 34(4), 723-743.

    doi.org/10.1007/s12144-014-9285-7
  160. R124

    Pilcher, J. J.; Huffcutt, A. I. (1996). Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Performance: A Meta-Analysis. Sleep, 19(4), 318-326.

    doi.org/10.1093/sleep/19.4.318
  161. R127

    Porcelli, A. J.; Delgado, M. R. (2017). Stress and decision making: effects on valuation, learning, and risk-taking. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 14, 33-39.

    doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2016.11.015
  162. R197

    Putnick, D. L.; Bornstein, M. H. (2016). Measurement invariance conventions and reporting: The state of the art and future directions for psychological research. Developmental Review, 41, 71-90.

    doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2016.06.004
  163. R059

    Quoidbach, J.; Gilbert, D. T.; Wilson, T. D. (2013). The End of History Illusion. Science, 339(6115), 96-98.

    doi.org/10.1126/science.1229294
  164. M021Core source

    Rafaeli-Mor, E.; Steinberg, J. (2002). Self-Complexity and Well-Being: A Review and Research Synthesis. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 6(1), 31-58.

    doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0601_2
  165. F014

    Ramos, M. C.; Restrepo Ochoa, N. (2025). Identity Networks as a New Frontier: Conceptualizing, Mapping, and Analyzing Identity Structures and Their Impact on Well-Being. Social Psychology Quarterly, 88(2), 205-226.

    doi.org/10.1177/01902725241292328
  166. R034

    Rauthmann, J. F.; Gallardo-Pujol, D.; Guillaume, E. M.; Todd, E.; Nave, C. S.; Sherman, R. A.; Ziegler, M.; Jones, A. B.; Funder, D. C. (2014). The Situational Eight DIAMONDS: A taxonomy of major dimensions of situation characteristics. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 107(4), 677-718.

    doi.org/10.1037/a0037250
  167. R002Core source

    Roberts, B. W.; DelVecchio, W. F. (2000). The rank-order consistency of personality traits from childhood to old age: A quantitative review of longitudinal studies. Psychological Bulletin, 126(1), 3-25.

    doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.126.1.3
  168. R004Core source

    Roberts, B. W.; Luo, J.; Briley, D. A.; Chow, P. I.; Su, R.; Hill, P. L. (2017). A systematic review of personality trait change through intervention. Psychological Bulletin, 143(2), 117-141.

    doi.org/10.1037/bul0000088
  169. R003Core source

    Roberts, B. W.; Walton, K. E.; Viechtbauer, W. (2006). Patterns of mean-level change in personality traits across the life course: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Psychological Bulletin, 132(1), 1-25.

    doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.132.1.1
  170. R142

    Robinaugh, D. J.; Hoekstra, R. H. A.; Toner, E. R.; Borsboom, D. (2020). The network approach to psychopathology: a review of the literature 2008–2018 and an agenda for future research. Psychological Medicine, 50(3), 353-366.

    doi.org/10.1017/s0033291719003404
  171. R072

    Schacter, D. L.; Addis, D. R.; Buckner, R. L. (2007). Remembering the past to imagine the future: the prospective brain. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 8(9), 657-661.

    doi.org/10.1038/nrn2213
  172. R160

    Schiller, D.; Monfils, M. H.; Raio, C. M.; Johnson, D. C.; LeDoux, J. E.; Phelps, E. A. (2010). Preventing the return of fear in humans using reconsolidation update mechanisms. Nature, 463(7277), 49-53.

    doi.org/10.1038/nature08637
  173. F031

    Schreuder, M. J.; Hartman, C. A.; George, S. V.; Menne-Lothmann, C.; Decoster, J.; van Winkel, R.; Delespaul, P.; De Hert, M.; Derom, C.; Thiery, E.; Rutten, B. P. F.; Jacobs, N.; van Os, J.; Wigman, J. T. W.; Wichers, M. (2020). Early warning signals in psychopathology: what do they tell?. BMC Medicine, 18(1), 269.

    doi.org/10.1186/s12916-020-01742-3
  174. R181

    Schut, M. S. H. (1999). THE DUAL PROCESS MODEL OF COPING WITH BEREAVEMENT: RATIONALE AND DESCRIPTION. Death Studies, 23(3), 197-224.

    doi.org/10.1080/074811899201046
  175. F034Core source

    Sedikides, C.; Hong, E. K.; Wildschut, T. (2023). Self-Continuity. Annual Review of Psychology, 74(1), 333-361.

    doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-032420-032236
  176. R057

    Sedikides, C.; Wildschut, T.; Cheung, W. Y.; Routledge, C.; Hepper, E. G.; Arndt, J.; Vail, K.; Zhou, X.; Brackstone, K.; Vingerhoets, A. J. J. M. (2016). Nostalgia fosters self-continuity: Uncovering the mechanism (social connectedness) and consequence (eudaimonic well-being). Emotion, 16(4), 524-539.

    doi.org/10.1037/emo0000136
  177. M013

    Showers, C. (1992). Compartmentalization of positive and negative self-knowledge: Keeping bad apples out of the bunch. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62(6), 1036-1049.

    doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.62.6.1036
  178. R047

    Singer, J. A. (2004). Narrative Identity and Meaning Making Across the Adult Lifespan: An Introduction. Journal of Personality, 72(3), 437-460.

    doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3506.2004.00268.x
  179. R096

    Singh, B.; Murphy, A.; Maher, C.; Smith, A. E. (2024). Time to Form a Habit: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Health Behaviour Habit Formation and Its Determinants. Healthcare, 12(23), 2488.

    doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12232488
  180. F005Core source

    Smit, A. C.; Helmich, M. A.; Bringmann, L. F.; Oldehinkel, A. J.; Wichers, M.; Snippe, E. (2025). Critical Slowing Down in Momentary Affect as Early Warning Signal of Impending Transitions in Depression. Clinical Psychological Science, 13(4), 760-773.

    doi.org/10.1177/21677026241305136
  181. F013

    Smyth, L.; Chong, J. J. S.; Banas, K. (2025). A new look at capturing social identity compatibility in transition: extending and applying the social identity model of identity change to student transition to university. Self and Identity, 24(8), 987-1009.

    doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2025.2554104
  182. R038Core source

    Sosnowska, J.; Kuppens, P.; De Fruyt, F.; Hofmans, J. (2019). A dynamic systems approach to personality: The Personality Dynamics (PersDyn) model. Personality and Individual Differences, 144, 11-18.

    doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.02.013
  183. S006

    Soto, C. J. (2019). How Replicable Are Links Between Personality Traits and Consequential Life Outcomes? The Life Outcomes of Personality Replication Project. Psychological Science, 30(5), 711-727.

    doi.org/10.1177/0956797619831612
  184. S069

    Stemerding, L. E.; Stibbe, D.; van Ast, V. A.; Kindt, M. (2022). Demarcating the boundary conditions of memory reconsolidation: An unsuccessful replication. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 2285.

    doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-06119-5
  185. S060

    Stephan, Y.; Sutin, A. R.; Bayard, S.; Križan, Z.; Terracciano, A. (2018). Personality and sleep quality: Evidence from four prospective studies. Health Psychology, 37(3), 271-281.

    doi.org/10.1037/hea0000577
  186. R005Core source

    Stieger, M.; Flückiger, C.; Rüegger, D.; Kowatsch, T.; Roberts, B. W.; Allemand, M. (2021). Changing personality traits with the help of a digital personality change intervention. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(8), e2017548118.

    doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2017548118
  187. X003

    Strohminger, N.; Knobe, J.; Newman, G. (2017). The True Self: A Psychological Concept Distinct From the Self. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 12(4), 551-560.

    doi.org/10.1177/1745691616689495
  188. X001

    Strohminger, N.; Nichols, S. (2014). The essential moral self. Cognition, 131(1), 159-171.

    doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2013.12.005
  189. X002

    Strohminger, N.; Nichols, S. (2015). Neurodegeneration and Identity. Psychological Science, 26(9), 1469-1479.

    doi.org/10.1177/0956797615592381
  190. R170

    Subhani, M.; Talat, U.; Knight, H.; Morling, J. R.; Jones, K. A.; Aithal, G. P.; Ryder, S. D.; Llewellyn-Beardsley, J.; Rennick-Egglestone, S. (2022). Characteristics of alcohol recovery narratives: Systematic review and narrative synthesis. PLOS ONE, 17(5), e0268034.

    doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0268034
  191. R017

    Syed, M.; Eriksson, P. L.; Frisén, A.; Hwang, C. P.; Lamb, M. E. (2020). Personality development from age 2 to 33: Stability and change in ego resiliency and ego control and associations with adult adaptation. Developmental Psychology, 56(4), 815-832.

    doi.org/10.1037/dev0000895
  192. M010

    Tang, T. Z.; DeRubeis, R. J.; Hollon, S. D.; Amsterdam, J.; Shelton, R.; Schalet, B. (2009). Personality Change During Depression Treatment. Archives of General Psychiatry, 66(12), 1322.

    doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.166
  193. R177

    Tedeschi, R. G.; Calhoun, L. G. (2004). Posttraumatic Growth: Conceptual Foundations and Empirical Evidence. Psychological Inquiry, 15(1), 1-18.

    doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli1501_01
  194. S014

    Thielmann, I.; de Vries, R. E. (2021). Who wants to change and how? On the trait-specificity of personality change goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 121(5), 1112-1139.

    doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000304
  195. F007Core source

    Ture, S.; Lam, P. H.; Ouellet, L.; Simpson, A.; Hassinen, K.; McAdams, D. P.; Reischer, H. N. (2026). Agency and Communion Across Nine Years of Middle Adulthood: Between- and Within-Person Associations with Well-being and Developmental Outcomes. Journal of Adult Development, 33(3), 488-504.

    doi.org/10.1007/s10804-026-09553-1
  196. R135

    van de Leemput, I. A.; Wichers, M.; Cramer, A. O. J.; Borsboom, D.; Tuerlinckx, F.; Kuppens, P.; van Nes, E. H.; Viechtbauer, W.; Giltay, E. J.; Aggen, S. H.; Derom, C.; Jacobs, N.; Kendler, K. S.; van der Maas, H. L. J.; Neale, M. C.; Peeters, F.; Thiery, E.; Zachar, P.; Scheffer, M. (2014). Critical slowing down as early warning for the onset and termination of depression. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(1), 87-92.

    doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1312114110
  197. R126

    Van Dongen, H. P. A.; Maislin, G.; Mullington, J. M.; Dinges, D. F. (2003). The Cumulative Cost of Additional Wakefulness: Dose-Response Effects on Neurobehavioral Functions and Sleep Physiology From Chronic Sleep Restriction and Total Sleep Deprivation. Sleep, 26(2), 117-126.

    doi.org/10.1093/sleep/26.2.117
  198. T006

    Vanden Poel, L.; Hermans, D. (2019). Narrative Coherence and Identity: Associations With Psychological Well-Being and Internalizing Symptoms. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1171.

    doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01171
  199. R088

    Verplanken, B.; Roy, D. (2016). Empowering interventions to promote sustainable lifestyles: Testing the habit discontinuity hypothesis in a field experiment. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 45, 127-134.

    doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2015.11.008
  200. R188Core source

    Vignoles, V. L.; Owe, E.; Becker, M.; Smith, P. B.; Easterbrook, M. J.; Brown, R.; González, R.; Didier, N.; Carrasco, D.; Cadena, M. P.; Lay, S.; Schwartz, S. J.; Des Rosiers, S. E.; Villamar, J. A.; Gavreliuc, A.; Zinkeng, M.; Kreuzbauer, R.; Baguma, P.; Martin, M.; Tatarko, A.; Herman, G.; de Sauvage, I.; Courtois, M.; Garðarsdóttir, R. B.; Harb, C.; Schweiger Gallo, I.; Prieto Gil, P.; Lorente Clemares, R.; Campara, G.; Nizharadze, G.; Macapagal, M. E. J.; Jalal, B.; Bourguignon, D.; Zhang, J.; Lv, S.; Chybicka, A.; Yuki, M.; Zhang, X.; Espinosa, A.; Valk, A.; Abuhamdeh, S.; Amponsah, B.; Özgen, E.; Güner, E. Ü.; Yamakoğlu, N.; Chobthamkit, P.; Pyszczynski, T.; Kesebir, P.; Vargas Trujillo, E.; Balanta, P.; Cendales Ayala, B.; Koller, S. H.; Jaafar, J. L.; Gausel, N.; Fischer, R.; Milfont, T. L.; Kusdil, E.; Çağlar, S.; Aldhafri, S.; Ferreira, M. C.; Mekonnen, K. H.; Wang, Q.; Fülöp, M.; Torres, A.; Camino, L.; Lemos, F. C. S.; Fritsche, I.; Möller, B.; Regalia, C.; Manzi, C.; Brambilla, M.; Bond, M. H. (2016). Beyond the ‘east–west’ dichotomy: Global variation in cultural models of selfhood. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 145(8), 966-1000.

    doi.org/10.1037/xge0000175
  201. R015Core source

    Vukasović, T.; Bratko, D. (2015). Heritability of personality: A meta-analysis of behavior genetic studies. Psychological Bulletin, 141(4), 769-785.

    doi.org/10.1037/bul0000017
  202. S030

    Waters, T. E. A.; Fivush, R. (2015). Relations Between Narrative Coherence, Identity, and Psychological Well‐Being in Emerging Adulthood. Journal of Personality, 83(4), 441-451.

    doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12120
  203. F033

    Webb, L.; Clayson, A.; Duda-Mikulin, E.; Cox, N. (2022). ‘ I ’ m getting the balls to say no ’: Trajectories in long-term recovery from problem substance use. Journal of Health Psychology, 27(1), 69-80.

    doi.org/10.1177/1359105320941248
  204. F029

    Welker, C.; Wheatley, T.; Cason, G.; Gorman, C.; Meyer, M. (2024). Self-views converge during enjoyable conversations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 121(43), e2321652121.

    doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2321652121
  205. F032

    Wichers, M.; Smit, A. C.; Snippe, E. (2020). Early Warning Signals Based on Momentary Affect Dynamics can Expose Nearby Transitions in Depression: A Confirmatory Single-Subject Time-Series Study. Journal for Person-Oriented Research, 6(1), 1-15.

    doi.org/10.17505/jpor.2020.22042
  206. R086

    Wood, W.; Neal, D. T. (2007). A new look at habits and the habit-goal interface. Psychological Review, 114(4), 843-863.

    doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.114.4.843
  207. R092

    Wood, W.; Quinn, J. M.; Kashy, D. A. (2002). Habits in everyday life: Thought, emotion, and action. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(6), 1281-1297.

    doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.83.6.1281
  208. R085Core source

    Wood, W.; Rünger, D. (2016). Psychology of Habit. Annual Review of Psychology, 67(1), 289-314.

    doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-122414-033417
  209. R093Core source

    Wood, W.; Tam, L.; Witt, M. G. (2005). Changing circumstances, disrupting habits. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88(6), 918-933.

    doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.88.6.918
  210. S012

    Wright, A. J.; Jackson, J. J. (2023). Do changes in personality predict life outcomes?. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 125(6), 1495-1518.

    doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000472
  211. M024Core source

    Wrzus, C.; Roberts, B. W. (2017). Processes of Personality Development in Adulthood: The TESSERA Framework. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 21(3), 253-277.

    doi.org/10.1177/1088868316652279
  212. X004

    Wylie, J.; Lindauer, M.; Gantman, A. (2026). People can find their true selves outside moral pursuits. Cognition, 267, 106325.

    doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106325
  213. S041Core source

    Ye, J. y.; Ding, Q. y.; Cui, J. f.; Liu, Z.; Jia, L. x.; Qin, X. j.; Xu, H.; Wang, Y. (2022). A meta-analysis of the effects of episodic future thinking on delay discounting. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 75(10), 1876-1891.

    doi.org/10.1177/17470218211066282
  214. F010Core source

    Zhu, L.; Tao, Y.; Guo, Y.; Zhang, X.; Wang, T.; Zhou, B.; Li, G.; Zhang, L. (2025). The relationship between habit and identity in health behaviors: A systematic review and three‐level meta‐analysis. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 17(2), e70017.

    doi.org/10.1111/aphw.70017
Return to the lecture